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Extrait de la carte Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain

* A.L.F RIVET & Colin SMITH : The place-names of Roman Britain, p 490-491 : 

"SOURCES : 

- Ptolemee, II,3,9 : Ouenikwnes ( = Venicones); variante Ouenikwmes ( = Venicomes), Ouennikwnes ( = Vennicones), etc.

- Ravenna, 107₄  : Venutio.

Ravenna's entry has not hitherto been associated with Ptolemy's, but it is in the right place in the list for mention of the tribe to be logical (in garbled form among place-names, as in other cases), and there is no great palaeographic problem, given frequent t for c and possibly an abbreviation Venico on a map, ni being misread as nu (compare in Ravenna 107,17 Lugunduno, for which two MSS have Lugundino). R&C provide a picturesque etymology for Venutio, taken literally, citing the Brigantian chieftain Venutius mentioned by Tacitus; and are followed by Eric Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army (1961), 45-46.

RIB 1543, an altar Die Minerve Venico ..., possibly contains the name of 'a Veniconian tribesman', but more likely it is a personal name formed on the same root, like others listed by Holder III. 169. RIB 639 (Ilkley) is not now read as containing Venico-.

DERIVATION. 

For the Indo-European root *uen-, originally 'strive' then 'wish, love', and with further complex semantic changes, see Pokorny 1146. Derivatives include Latin Venus, venia, venerari, Anglo-Saxon wine 'friend', and in Old Irish fine 'tribe, stock, family'. For British and Gaulish, proper names are listed by Ellis Evans in GPN 277-79 (Venicarus, Veniclutius, Venimarus, etc.); see also L. H. Gray in EC, VI (1953-54), 64, and K. H. Schmidt in ZCP, XXVI (1957), 289-90. Jackson in Britannia, I (1970), 80, discussing British Venonis, thinks the base in British was *ueni- with the probable sense 'family, kindred' for personal names, a sense preserved by Breton gwenn 'race'. In the present tribal name and in Venedotia > Gwynedd (N. Wales) the same sense might apply, but the suffixes of Venicones do not help us to elucidate it exactly. There is certainly a relationship of this name to that of the Ouenniknioi (= Vennicnii) people of Ireland, Ptolemy II, 2, 2, who are 'descendants of the tribe' with a second element as in BRANOGENIUM, but that second element is hardly present in that of Venicones, for its various reflexes seem never to show -o-.

IDENTIFICATION. 

A people of Scotland, placed by Ptolemy 'below' the Vacomagi and 'west' (i.e. south) of the Taexali of Aberdeenshire, with Orrea attributed to them. While this was identified as Carpow it was natural to locate them in Fife, but a position north of the Tay, in Strathmore, seems more likely.

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JC Even : la racine étymologique, basée sur le sens de la 'race', est à mettre en rapport avec le nom des Damnonii ( = la race supérieure, maîtresse du Monde), constituant la deuxième 'vague celtique' en Île de Bretagne. Les Venicones pourraient n'être qu'un démembrement des Damnonii, en se donnant un nom ayant un sens rapproché de celui désignant le tronc commun des Damnonii.

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Histoire : 

- tombée en 84 ap. J-C sous le coupe de l'Empire romain; elle fait l'objet d'une organisation de fortifications romaines dite des Forts d'Agricola.

- redevenu autonome après 122, lorsque Hadrien construit le mur de Newcastle à Carlisle.

Compte tenu de la construction du Mur d'Antonin, au sud du Firth of Forth, on peut considérer que les Venicones n'ont plus jamais été soumis à l'empire romain, si ce n'a été que lors d'expéditions de représailles ou de relations commerciales. (cf. Septime Sévère, puis Constance Chlore)

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* A.L.F RIVET & Colin SMITH : The Place-names of Roman Britain. Batsford Ltd. 1979. Édition 1982.

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